Ethereum 'Glamsterdam' Upgrade Testnet Nears Deployment

The Ethereum 'Glamsterdam' upgrade, the first hard fork since The Merge focusing on base layer throughput, is targeting public testnet deployment in July or August 2026. This major network enhancement introduces Enshrined Proposer-Builder Separation (ePBS) and Block-Level Access Lists to prepare for parallel transaction processing.

The top 3

  1. The Merge: PoS Consensus Shift: The Merge, activated in September 2022, transitioned Ethereum from Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake, reducing its energy consumption by approximately 99.95% and fundamentally altering its security model.
  2. Shanghai: Staked ETH Withdrawals: The Shanghai upgrade, launched on April 12, 2023, enabled validators to withdraw staked ETH from the Beacon Chain for the first time, significantly impacting validator economics and increasing staking participation.
  3. Dencun: L2 Fee Reduction: The Dencun upgrade, implemented in March 2024, introduced proto-danksharding (EIP-4844) via 'blob transactions,' significantly reducing Layer-2 transaction costs by approximately 90% and boosting the rollup ecosystem.

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