The Merge, implemented in September 2022, transitioned Ethereum from Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake, drastically reducing its energy consumption by approximately 99.95% [12, 13, 17]. The London hard fork in August 2021 introduced EIP-1559, which overhauled the transaction fee mechanism by burning a portion of fees and making gas prices more predictable [2, 5, 10]. The initial launch of Ethereum, codenamed Frontier in July 2015, enabled smart contract functionality and laid the foundation for decentralized applications [25, 31, 32].