Range Wars: Infinite vs. Nuclear-Sized

Two forces reach across galaxies; two die out past 10⁻¹⁵ meters — the distance tiebreaker.

The top 3

1. Infinite reach: gravity & electromagnetism: Both obey an inverse-square law with massless carriers, so they are felt across the observable universe.
2. Locked in the nucleus: strong & weak: Massive carrier particles confine them to about 10⁻¹⁵–10⁻¹⁸ m — smaller than a single atom.
3. The unification scoreboard: Electroweak already merged (1979 Nobel Prize); a grand unified theory and quantum gravity remain unsolved.

Sources

• HyperPhysics — Fundamental Forces
• Britannica — Fundamental Interaction

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